SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Localized surface plasmon</title>

</head>

Localized surface plasmon

</h1>

</header>

A localized surface plasmon (LSP) is the result of the confinement of a <a href="Surface_plasmon" title="Surface plasmon">surface plasmon</a> in a <a href="Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticle</a> of size comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> used to excite the <a href="Plasmon" title="Plasmon">plasmon</a>. When a small spherical metallic nanoparticle is irradiated by light, the oscillating electric field causes the conduction electrons to oscillate coherently. When the electron cloud is displaced relative to its original position, a restoring force arises from Coulombic attraction between electrons and nuclei. This force causes the electron cloud to oscillate. The oscillation frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the effective electron mass, and the size and shape of the charge distribution.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The LSP has two important effects: <a href="Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> near the particle's surface are greatly enhanced and the particle's optical absorption has a maximum at the <a href="Plasmon" title="Plasmon">plasmon</a> <a href="Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a>. <a href="Surface_plasmon_resonance" title="Surface plasmon resonance">Surface plasmon resonance</a> can also be tuned based on the shape of the nanoparticle.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The plasmon frequency can be related to the metal dielectric constant.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The enhancement falls off quickly with distance from the surface and, for <a href="Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a> nanoparticles, the resonance occurs at visible wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Localized surface plasmon resonance creates brilliant colors in metal colloidal solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Skrabalak_2182–2190-3">[3]</a>

For metals like silver and gold, the oscillation frequency is also affected by the electrons in d-orbitals. Silver is a popular choice in plasmonics, which studies the effect of coupling light to charges, because it can support a surface plasmon over a wide range of wavelengths (300-1200 nm), and its peak absorption wavelength is easily changed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> For instance, the peak absorption wavelength of triangular silver nanoparticles was altered by changing the corner sharpness of the triangles. It underwent a blue-shift as corner sharpness of the triangles decreased.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Additionally, peak absorption wavelength underwent a red-shift as a larger amount of HAuCl4 was added and porosity of the particles increased.<a href="#cite_note-Skrabalak_2182–2190-3">[3]</a> For semiconductor nanoparticles, the maximum optical absorption is often in the near-infrared and mid-infrared region.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagating_surface_plasmons">Propagating surface plasmons</h2></div>

Localized surface <a href="Plasmon" title="Plasmon">plasmons</a> are distinct from propagating surface plasmons. In localized surface plasmons, the electron cloud oscillates collectively. In propagating surface plasmons, the surface plasmon propagates back and forth between the ends of the structure. Propagating surface plasmons also need to have at least one dimension that is close to or longer than the <a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of <a href="Incident_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident light">incident light</a>. The waves created in propagating surface plasmons can also be tuned by controlling the geometry of the metal <a href="Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization_and_study">Characterization and study</h2></div>

A goal of <a href="Plasmonics" title="Plasmonics">plasmonics</a> is to understand and manipulate surface plasmons at the nano-scale, so characterization of surface plasmons is important. Some techniques frequently used to characterize surface plasmons are <a href="Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">dark-field microscopy</a>, <a href="UV_Vis" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Vis">UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="Surface-enhanced_Raman_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-enhanced Raman scattering">surface-enhanced Raman scattering</a> (SERS).<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> With dark-field microscopy, it is possible to monitor the spectrum of an individual metal nanostructure as the incident light polarization, wavelength, or variations in the <a href="Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> environment is changed.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

The plasmon <a href="Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a> is highly sensitive to the <a href="Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the environment; a change in refractive index results in a shift in the resonant frequency. As the resonant frequency is easy to measure, this allows LSP nanoparticles to be used for <a href="Nanoscopic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscopic scale">nanoscale</a> sensing applications.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Also, nanoparticles exhibiting strong LSP properties, such as gold <a href="Nanorod" title="Nanorod">nanorods</a> and <a href="Gold_nanocage" title="Gold nanocage">gold nanocages</a>, could enhance the signal in surface plasmon resonance sensing.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Nanostructures exhibiting LSP resonances are used to enhance signals in modern <a href="Analytical_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical technique">analytical techniques</a> based on <a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>. Other applications that rely on efficient light to heat generation in the nanoscale are <a href="Heat-assisted_magnetic_recording" title="Heat-assisted magnetic recording">heat-assisted magnetic recording</a> (HAMR), <a href="Photothermal_therapy#Gold_NanoRods_(AuNR)" title="Photothermal therapy">photothermal cancer therapy</a>, and thermophotovoltaics.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> So far, high-efficiency applications using plasmonics have not been realized due to the high <a href="Ohmic_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohmic loss">Ohmic losses</a> inside metals especially in the <a href="Optical_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical spectrum">optical spectral</a> range (visible and <a href="Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">NIR</a>).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

Additionally, surface plasmons have been used to create <a href="Super_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Super lens">super lenses</a>, <a href="Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">invisibility cloaks</a>, and to improve <a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Another interesting area of research in plasmonics is the ability to turn plasmons "on" and "off" via modification of another molecule. The ability to turn plasmons on and off has important consequences for increasing sensitivity in detection methods.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> Recently, a supramolecular <a href="Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> was coupled with a metal nanostructure. This interaction changed the localized surface plasmon resonance properties of the silver nanostructure by increasing the absorption intensity.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Surface_plasmon_resonance" title="Surface plasmon resonance">Surface plasmon resonance</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tip-enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy">Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFKelly2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, K. Lance (December 21, 2002). "The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 107 (3): 668–677. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp026731y">10.1021/jp026731y</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFRycengaCobleyZengLi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rycenga, Matthew; Cobley, Claire M.; Zeng, Jie; Li, Weiyang; Moran, Christine H.; Zhang, Qiang; Qin, Dong; Xia, Younan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110991">"Controlling the Synthesis and Assembly of Silver Nanostructures for Plasmonic Applications"</a>. Chem. Rev. 111 (6): 3669–3712. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr100275d">10.1021/cr100275d</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110991">3110991</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21395318">21395318</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Skrabalak_2182–2190-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skrabalak_2182–2190_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skrabalak_2182–2190_3-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSkrabalakAuLiXia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Skrabalak, Sara E.; Au, Leslie; Li, Xingde; Xia, Younan (September 2007). "Facile synthesis of Ag nanocubes and Au nanocages". Nature Protocols. 2 (9): 2182–2190. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnprot.2007.326">10.1038/nprot.2007.326</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1750-2799">1750-2799</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17853874">17853874</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20587542">20587542</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZengRobertsXia2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, Jie; Roberts, Stefan; Xia, Younan (2010). "Nanocrystal-Based Time–Temperature Indicators". Chemistry – A European Journal. 16 (42): 12559–12563. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201002665">10.1002/chem.201002665</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3765">1521-3765</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20945450">20945450</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiuSwihart2014" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Xin; Swihart, Mark T. (2014). "Heavily-doped colloidal semiconductor and metal oxide nanocrystals: an emerging new class of plasmonic nanomaterials". Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (11): 3908–3920. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc3cs60417a">10.1039/c3cs60417a</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24566528">24566528</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhouPiNiDing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Shu; Pi, Xiaodong; Ni, Zhenyi; Ding, Yi; Jiang, Yingying; Jin, Chuanhong; Delerue, Christophe; Yang, Deren; Nozaki, Tomohiro (2015). "Comparative study on the localized surface plasmon resonance of boron- and phosphorus-doped silicon nanocrystals". ACS Nano. 9 (1): 378–386. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnn505416r">10.1021/nn505416r</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25551330">25551330</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaesVan_Duyne2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haes, Amanda J.; Van Duyne, Richard P. (2004-08-01). "A unified view of propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 379 (7): 920–930. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-004-2708-9">10.1007/s00216-004-2708-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1618-2650">1618-2650</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15338088">15338088</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4814291">4814291</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMayerHafner,_Jason_H.2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mayer, Kathryn M.; Hafner, Jason H. (2011). "Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors". Chemical Reviews. Plasmonics (111): 3828–3857. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr100313v">10.1021/cr100313v</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21648956">21648956</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLooYangTsangLau2017" class="citation journal cs1">Loo, Jacky Fong-Chuen; Yang, Chengbin; Tsang, Hing Lun; Lau, Pui Man; Yong, Ken-Tye; Ho, Ho Pui; Kong, Siu Kai (2017). "An Aptamer Bio-barCode (ABC) assay using SPR, RNase H, and probes with RNA and gold-nanorods for anti-cancer drug screening". The Analyst. 142 (19): 3579–3587. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Ana...142.3579L">2017Ana...142.3579L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7AN01026E">10.1039/C7AN01026E</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2654">0003-2654</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852760">28852760</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLawYongBaevHu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Wing-Cheung; Yong, Ken-Tye; Baev, Alexander; Hu, Rui; Prasad, Paras N. (2009-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.17.019041">"Nanoparticle enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensing: Application of gold nanorods"</a>. Optics Express. 17 (21): 19041–19046. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009OExpr..1719041L">2009OExpr..1719041L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOE.17.019041">10.1364/OE.17.019041</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-4087">1094-4087</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20372639">20372639</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElKabbash2017" class="citation journal cs1">ElKabbash, Mohamed; et al. (2017). "Tunable Black Gold: Controlling the Near-Field Coupling of Immobilized Au Nanoparticles Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Capsules". Advanced Optical Materials. 5 (21): 1700617. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadom.201700617">10.1002/adom.201700617</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103781835">103781835</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKhurgin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Khurgin, Jacob (2015). "How to deal with the loss in plasmonics and metamaterials". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (1): 2–6. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6577">1411.6577</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatNa..10....2K">2015NatNa..10....2K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2014.310">10.1038/nnano.2014.310</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25559961">25559961</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6906889">6906889</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElKabbash2017" class="citation journal cs1">ElKabbash, Mohamed; et al. (2017). "Ultrafast transient optical loss dynamics in exciton–plasmon nano-assemblies". Nanoscale. 9 (19): 6558–6566. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc7nr01512g">10.1039/c7nr01512g</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F37238">11693/37238</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28470299">28470299</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFangLeeSunZhang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fang, Nicholas; Lee, Hyesog; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang (2005-04-22). "Sub-Diffraction-Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens". Science. 308 (5721): 534–537. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308..534F">2005Sci...308..534F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108759">10.1126/science.1108759</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15845849">15845849</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1085807">1085807</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShalaev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shalaev, Vladimir M. (January 2007). "Optical negative-index metamaterials". Nature Photonics. 1 (1): 41–48. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NaPho...1...41S">2007NaPho...1...41S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnphoton.2006.49">10.1038/nphoton.2006.49</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4893">1749-4893</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170678">170678</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChangSørensenHemmerLukin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, D. E.; Sørensen, A. S.; Hemmer, P. R.; Lukin, M. D. (2006-08-03). "Quantum Optics with Surface Plasmons". Physical Review Letters. 97 (5): 053002. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0506117">quant-ph/0506117</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhRvL..97e3002C">2006PhRvL..97e3002C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.97.053002">10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.053002</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17026098">17026098</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7782449">7782449</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZhouYangIvlevaMircescu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Haibo; Yang, Danting; Ivleva, Natalia P.; Mircescu, Nicoleta E.; Schubert, Sören; Niessner, Reinhard; Wieser, Andreas; Haisch, Christoph (2015-07-07). "Label-Free in Situ Discrimination of Live and Dead Bacteria by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering". Analytical Chemistry. 87 (13): 6553–6561. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.analchem.5b01271">10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01271</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2700">0003-2700</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017069">26017069</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Localized_surface_plasmon&oldid=1294588446">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>